Dosage Compensation of the X ChromosomeDosage Compensation of the X Chromosome: A Complex Epigenetic Assignment Involving Chromatin Regulators and Long Noncoding RNAs德國馬普所Asifa Akhtar大佬的Annual review of genetics綜述,
涉及表觀遺傳學,3D基因組學及1.688 Satellite Repeats:Drosophila Sex Determination and X Chromosome Regulation Connected by SXL ProteinSXL Protein Precludes Dosage Compensation Initiation in FemalesMSL-1 Phosphorylation Is Necessary for Its Chromosome AssociationMale-Specific Expression of MSL-2 Contributes to X Chromosomal SpecificityMSL-2 Protein-Mediated UbiquitinationMSL-3 Protein Enhances Acetylation Activity of the MSL ComplexMOF Protein Is Responsible for Histone H4 Lysine 16 AcetylationMLE Protein Is Responsible for roX RNA Integration into the MSL ComplexroX1 AND roX2 PERFORM DOUBLE DUTY DURING DOSAGE COMPENSATIONDynamic Stem-Loops of roX RNAs as an Interaction Platform for MLE and MSL-2 ProteinsroX Long Noncoding RNAs Are Essential for MSL Complex Spreading to Neighboring RegionsHigh-Affinity Sites Serve as Facilitators for Recruitment of the Dosage Compensation ComplexDistinct Features Associated with High-Affinity SitesSatellite Repeats and X Chromosome RecognitionX Chromosome Three-Dimensional Architecture Enables Dosage CompensationGENE EXPRESSION CONTROL OF THE X CHROMOSOME IN MALESGlobal Transcription Analyses Addressing X Chromosome RegulationAlternative Models for Male X Chromosome Dosage Compensation及未來可以研究的問題:論文鏈接:https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-biochem-062917-011816#_i33自從盤古開天地,三皇五帝到如今,不僅僅是中華文明,
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縱觀所有人類文明,
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等級制度(hierarchy)都是人類管理其社會最常見的體系架構。為什麼會是這樣呢,
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giving the fact that hierarchy is in direct opposition to some of the best ideas humanity has produced such as democracy錛 equality錛 fairness錛 and justice?社會學、心理學、管理學、經濟學等多學科的交叉研究,給出了以下幾個主要解釋:(1)等級制度建立清晰的社會秩序,滿足人們心理上對安全和穩定的需求:People come and go錛 but the system remains(鐵打的營盤流水的兵)。(2)等級制度為機構中的人們提供晉升的路線圖,鼓勵人們通過努力工作來滿足自己對金錢和權力的欲望,而努力工作最大的受益者是機構本身(等級制度的頂層設計是由機構做出的)。(3)與其它比較人人平等的社會架構相比,等級制度能夠更加有效地調度與利用各種資源,集中力量辦大事,
獲得壟斷利潤;一個典型的例子是中國改革開放四十年來 “國家資本主義”經濟的快速發展,導致了近年來西方“自由資本主義”社會的反全球化運動風起雲湧(英國脫歐、美國貿易保護、保守派政黨紛紛當選等等),試圖重新建立昔日的等級架構。(4)人們之間的等級化差異可以營造更加和諧的工作關系:上級告訴下級應該做什麼,下級完成上級的指令,各司其職,和睦相處(就像我們小時候那首歌裡唱到的:毛主席的戰士最聽黨的話,哪裡需要到哪裡去、哪裡艱苦那兒安家,…)。雖然社會科學的眾多領域已經對等級制度進行了長時間的研究(至少可以追溯到1846年馬克思和恩格斯的著作“The German Ideology”)錛但這些研究都是定性的,
而且給出了收斂速度的數學方程,可以對不同的架構進行定量化比較。比如,將155個人由單一領導的兩層架構變成每5人一組的四層等級架構,政令的滲透速度提高了10倍。這些嚴格的定量化結果,為中國特色社會主義制度的優越性提供了堅實的科學支撐,也為各種等級制度的頂層設計提供了科學的仿真平台。具體細節請參見論文:Hierarchical Fuzzy Opinion Networks: Top-Down for Social Organizations and Bottom-Up for Election(等級模糊輿情網絡:自上而下的社會機構及自下而上的選舉制度)。,